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Sugeng Wijanto

Sugeng Wijanto

Trisakti University
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
Jalan Kyai Tapa No. 1
Jakarta – 11440 ; Indonesia
 
PT. Gistama Intisemesta
Jalan Puri Kencana Blok J-1/3-B
Jakarta – 11610 ; Indonesia
Phone: +62-21-5822825
Email : s.wijanto1@gistama.com
 

He is the principal of PT Gistama Intisemesta, a structural engineering consulting firm in Jakarta which has designed many high-rise buildings in Indonesia. He has more than 25 years’ experience practicing in Indonesia and South East Asia. He specializes in earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, precast concrete structures, assessment and strengthening of reinforced concrete and unreinforced masonry buildings.

He was graduated from the Civil Engineering Department of Trisakti University in 1985 and later obtained his Master of Engineering degree from the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1988. His research on the seismic behavior of unreinforced masonry walls led him to complete his Ph.D. study at the University of Canterbury in 2008. He is closely affiliated with the Civil Engineering Department of Trisakti University in Jakarta and involved in teaching Structural Dynamics as well as Reinforced Concrete Design

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Marjana Lutman

Marjana Lutman ZAG Slovenia 
Head, Department for Structures
(Member of Section for Earthquake Engineering)
Slovenian National Building and Civil  Engineering Institute
Ljubljana, Slovenia
 
Phone: + 386  1 280  4410
Fax: + 386  1 280  4484
Email: marjana.lutman@zag.si
Web:: www.zag.si
Marjana Lutman: Curriculum Vitae

 

Education
B.Sc. in civil  engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1985;
M.Sc. in earthquake engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1989;

Marjan’sa main research topics include: Seismic behavior of plain- and reinforced-masonry walls and buildings, reinforced-concrete shear-walls,  repair and strengthening of masonry structures and historic monuments and earthquake resistance and vulnerability studies. Lutman has professional experience investigating and testing existing buildings, structural analysis to vertical and seismic loads, and preparing guidelines for structural repair and strengthening. Lutman focuses on the  assessment of seismic resistance and seismic vulnerability of existing buildings – public, residential and industrial. She has written expert’s reports on damage of existing buildings (causes and guidelines). On  the  basis  of   experience  and experimental research work in the Institute, Marjana has prepared some  analytical models for the push-over  analysis  that   are  used   to  obtain  earthquake   resistance   and   some    simplified parametrical methods to estimate seismic  resistance of different groups of buildings. After recent earthquakes that hit regions in Slovenia, Marjana carried out some  in-situ tests in order to obtain of  mechanical capacities  of  typical stone  masonry, that were put into the guidelines for post- earthquake redesign of damaged buildings.

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Documents and presentations

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Basic Earthquake Information
Information on recent earthquake information, global seismicity, the nature of earthquakes, and seismic hazard


Earthquake Behavior of Buildings
Literature describing what happens to the built environment when the earth shakes underneath


Earthquake-Resistant Design Guidelines & Manuals
Guidelines and manuals that provide information on earthquake-resistant design for various building types and construction materials 

 


Seismic Retrofitting
Information on seismic risk and vulnerability, and guidelines to undertake seismic assessment of structures, retrofitting strategies and structural control being adopted worldwide 


Public Policy and Strategies on Reducing Earthquake Risk
Policies and strategies of governments and non-governmental agencies across the world to reduce seismic risk due to housing and the built environment

 

Unreinforced Masonry Introduction

TUTORIALS  | HOUSING REPORTS

Bricks were first fired around 3500 BC, in Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, one of the high-risk seismic areas of the world. The ziggurat temples at Eridu, possibly the world’s first city, have withstood not only earthquakes but also wars and invasions. From Roman aqueducts and public buildings to the Great Wall of China, from the domes of Islamic architecture to the early railway arch bridges, from the first 19th century American tall buildings to the 20th century nuclear power plants, bricks have been used as structural material in all applications of building and civil engineering.

The most commonplace use of bricks worldwide throughout time is in residential dwellings. The shape and size of bricks can vary considerably, and similarly the mortars used depend on local material availability, but the basic form of construction for houses has minor geographical variations and has changed relatively little over time.

The worst death toll from an earthquake in the past century occurred in 1976 in China (T’ang Shan Province), where it is estimated that 240,000 people were killed. Most of the deaths were due to the collapse of brick masonry buildings.

In more recent times, seismic codes place substantial constraints on unreinforced brick masonry construction in earthquake-prone areas, limiting the allowed number of stories, the minimum thickness of walls, and the number and position of openings. As a result, construction of load-bearing unreinforced brick masonry structures has dwindled in these countries, and alternative forms of construction such as confined masonry or reinforced masonry, considered less vulnerable, have been developed instead. The present section describes only unreinforced, fired-brick masonry structures, while other forms of masonry construction, from stone and sun-dried brick to reinforced and confined masonry, are treated in other sections of this volume


Further introductory reading: “Unreinforced Brick Masonry Construction”
(Dina D’Ayala, University of Bath, United Kingdom)
Download : ENGLISH [0.4MB]

Contents:
-Masonry Fabric
-Performance in Past Earthquakes
-Seismic Strengthening

Reinforced Concrete Wall Introduction

TUTORIALS | HOUSING REPORTS

Buildings with cast-in-situ reinforced concrete shear walls are widespread in many earthquake-prone countries and regions, such as Canada, Chile, Romania, Turkey, Colombia, the republics of the former Soviet Union, etc. This type of construction has been practiced since the 1960s in urban regions for medium- to high-rise buildings (4 to 35 stories high). Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and in elevation. However, in some buildings, lower floors are used for commercial purposes and the buildings are characterized with larger plan dimensions at those floors. In other cases, there are setbacks at higher floor levels. Shear wall buildings are commonly used for residential purposes and can house from 100 to 500 inhabitants per building.

 

Further Introductory Reading: “Concrete Shear Wall Construction”
(M. Ofelia Moroni, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile)

Download: ENGLISH [0.3MB]

Contents:

-Structural Features
-Construction Process
-Earthquake Peformance
-Seismic Strengthening
-Seismic Indicators

Precast Concrete Introduction

TUTORIALS | HOUSING REPORTS

The concept of precast (also known as “prefabricated”) construction includes those buildings where the majority of structural components are standardized and produced in plants in a location away from the building, and then transported to the site for assembly. These components are manufactured by industrial methods based on mass production in order to build a large number of buildings in a short time at low cost.

The main features of this construction process are as follows:

•  The division and specialization of the human workforce
•  The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in the production of standard, interchangeable parts and products

This type of construction requires a restructuring of the entire conventional construction process to enable interaction between the design phase and production planning in order to improve and speed up the construction. One of the key premises for achieving that objective is to design buildings with a regular configuration in plan and elevation. Urban residential buildings of this type are usually five to ten stories high (see Figures 1 and 2). Many countries used various precast building systems during the second half of the 20th century to provide low-income housing for the growing urban population. They were very popular after the Second World War, especially in Eastern European countries and former Soviet Union republics. In the former Soviet Union, different precast buildings systems are denoted as “Seria,” whereas in Romania they are called “Secţiunea.”

In general, precast building systems are more economical when compared to conventional multifamily residential construction (apartment buildings) in many countries.

Further Introductory Reading: “Precast Concrete Construction”
(Svetlana Brzev, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Teresa Guevara-Perez, Architect)

Download: ENGLISH [0.6MB]

Contents:
-Categories (Large-Panel, Frame, Slab-Column with Shear Walls, Mixed)
-Earthquake Performance
-Seismic-Strengthening

Timber Introduction

TUTORIALS | HOUSING REPORTS

Wood construction is common for many single-family houses throughout the world. In areas where timber and wood materials are easily accessible, wood construction is often considered to be the cheapest and best approach for small housing structures.

Six main types of wood construction are listed in the encyclopedia. These types use all forms of timber available from logs to sawn/shaped timbers to smaller branches and leaves. These types also utilize various types of wall coverings from plant-based coverings to timber materials to earthen materials, such as mud or stone. The first type of wood construction is thatch construction, which is generally a traditional construction type. For examples of this type, see the traditional construction section of the encyclopedia. Other types include post-and-beam frame construction, walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (waffle and daub), wooden frames with or without infill, and stud-wall frames with plywood/gypsum board sheathing. Two final types are wood panel construction and log construction.

Further Introductory Reading: “Timber Construction”
(Chris Arnold, Building Systems Development)

Download: ENGLISH [0.4MB]

Contents:
-Wood Frame Construction
-Use and Cost
-Structural System
-Seismic Performance and Deficiencies
-Typical Seismic-Strengthening Techniques

 

Report # 116 : Timber Frame Brick House with Attic

August 22, 2011 By

by Amit Kumar, Jeewan Pundit

This type of house is used for residential purposes. The building type under study has been picked the from central part of India (Madhya Pradesh), but it is found throughout India with small or large variations. Timber is primarily used for the frame structural elements but due to an acute shortage of timber, this construction type is not practiced anymore. Various components of the building change from place to place depending on climate, socio-economic conditions, availability of material, etc. Timber frames, placed in longitudinal and traverse directions, are filled with brick masonry walls. The floor structure is made of timber planks. Most of the buildings are found to be rectangular in shape with few openings. The roofing material is usually light when it is made from galvanized iron sheets. Seismic performance of a perfectly framed building is very satisfactory. Existing old structures, however, require maintenance and strengthening (Figure-1a,1b). It has been observed that nominal cost will be incurred for introducing earthquake resistant features.

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Filed Under: Asia & Mideast, India, Masonry, Unreinforced Masonry

Report # 103 : Single-family reinforced concrete frame houses

August 22, 2011 By

by Mohammed Farsi, Farah Lazzali

This privately owned housing constitutes about 60 to 70% of the housing stock and is widespread throughout northern Algeria, the region of the country’s highest seismic risk. Generally, these buildings are from 1 to 3 stories high. The ground floor is used for parking or for commercial purposes. The structural system consists of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls made out of hollow brick tiles. The infill walls are usually provided in the residential part of the building (upper floors). Due to the limited amount of infill walls at the ground floor level, these buildings are characterized by soft-story behavior during earthquakes. These buildings have most often been built after the development of the 1981 Algerian seismic code. However, the seismic code is not enforced in private construction and most of the buildings have been built without seismic strengthening provisions and historically have been severely affected in Algerian earthquakes, including the May 21, 2003 Boumerdes earthquake. This report does not describe reinforced concrete frame buildings financed by public or private property developers and built according to the seismic code.

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Filed Under: Africa, Algeria, RC Moment Frame, Reinforced Concrete

Report # 92 : Historic, braced frame timber buildings with masonry infill (‘Pombalino’ buildings)

August 22, 2011 By

by Rafaela Cardoso, Mario Lopes, Rita Bento, Dina D’Ayala

Pombalino buildings (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4) are historic masonry buildings that can be identified by the presence of a three-dimensional timber structure (named “gaiola pombalina”), which is enclosed in internal masonry walls above the first floor. The roofs are built with timber trusses clad with ceramic tiles and the floors are made of timber boards laid on timber joists. Ground floor walls are roughly dressed stone masonry supporting a system of vaults made of clay tiles, with stone arches. Foundations are made of short and small-diameter timber piles connected by a timber grid. These buildings were built after the 1755 earthquake when fear of new earthquakes led to the enforcement of anti-seismic provisions, such as establishing a maximum number of stories and introducing an interior timber structure called “gaiola.” The buildings originally were mixed-use with commercial enterprises on the ground floor and residences on the upper floors. During the 20th century, most Pombalino buildings underwent substantial refurbishment when they were converted and occupied entirely by banks and companies. For the buildings that have maintained their original uses, the main problems result from poor maintenance.The expected collapse mechanisms due to earthquake actions are the overturning of facades (out-of-plane) or shear failure at the plane of the walls at ground floor level (global shear mechanism), leading to a global collapse mechanism. Typical seismic strengthening of these buildings includes the introduction of a concrete/steel ring beam at the level of the roof eaves. The introduction of steel elements/pre-stressed cables or of anchors connecting parallel masonry walls is also common. Steel elements are also used to connect detached timber elements from the floors and gaiola to the masonry. New techniques applying new materials like Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) are also used to increase the strength of the connections of timber elements that compose the gaiola.

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Filed Under: Europe, Hybrid, Masonry, Portugal, Stone Masonry, Timber, Vernacular
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