| Report # | 9 |
| Report Date | 05-06-2002 |
| Country | CHINA |
| Housing Type | Reinforced Masonry Building |
| Housing Sub-Type | Reinforced Masonry Building : Clay brick masonry in cement mortar |
|
Author(s)
|
Fu L. Zhou, Zhong G. Xu, Wen G. Liu |
|
Reviewer(s)
|
Ravi Sinha |
Important
This encyclopedia contains information contributed by various earthquake engineering professionals around the world. All opinions, findings, conclusions & recommendations expressed herein are those of the various participants, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, the International Association for Earthquake Engineering, the Engineering Information Foundation, John A. Martin & Associates, Inc. or the participants' organizations.
Summary
This is typically a 5- to 8-story building with commercial enterprises on the ground floor and residences above. Brick masonry buildings have been used in China for thousands of years. This construction practice possesses the advantage of easy manufacture and low cost; however, the brittleness of the brick masonry material combined with weak seismic resistance induces severe damage or collapse of buildings and causes thousands of deaths during an earthquake. Since 1990, base-isolated brick masonry buildings with reinforced concrete floors/roof have been used more widely in China. The base-isolated building consists of an isolation system (laminated rubber isolation devices) superstructure and substructure. The base-isolation system is located on top of the walls or columns in the basement or at the ground floor level of a building without a basement. The superstructure consists of conventional multi-story brick masonry walls and reinforced concrete floors/roof. The substructure is part of the building beneath the isolation system and consists of the basement and the foundation structure. The base-isolated masonry structure results in an increase in seismic safety by a factor of 4-12 times as compared to that of a non-isolation masonry structure. The high seismic resistance of the base isolation structure house has been proven by shake table tests and in many actual earthquake events in China and other countries. The wide usage of base isolation technology indicates that the era of strong earthquake-proof buildings is coming in China.
1. General Information
Buildings of this construction type can be found in Urban areas in western, eastern, northern, southern and central China. This type of housing construction is commonly found in urban areas. This construction type has been in practice for less than 100 years.
Currently, this type of construction is being built. .
Figure 1: Typical Building
| 
Figure 2: Building Elevation showing the Location of Base Isolation Devices |
2. Architectural Aspects2.1 Siting
These buildings are typically found in flat terrain. They do not share common walls with adjacent buildings. When separated from adjacent buildings, the typical distance from a neighboring building is 6 meters.
2.2 Building Configuration
Rectangular. For a typical floor, one window with 1800 mm width and 1500 mm height in each 3100 mm length of outside wall. One or two doors each with 900 mm width and 2100 mm height in each 3300 mm length of inside wall. The overall windows and doors areas are about 26% of the overall wall surface area.
2.3 Functional Planning
The main function of this building typology is single-family house. In a typical building of this type, there are no elevators and 1-2 fire-protected exit staircases.
2.4 Modification to Building
N/A.
Figure 3: Typical Floor Plan
|
3. Structural Details3.1 Structural System
| Material | Type of Load-Bearing Structure | # | Subtypes | Most appropriate type |
| Masonry | Stone Masonry
Walls | 1 | Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime
mortar or without mortar (usually with
timber roof) | ☐ |
| 2 | Dressed stone masonry (in
lime/cement mortar) | ☐ |
| Adobe/ Earthen Walls | 3 | Mud walls | ☐ |
| 4 | Mud walls with horizontal wood elements | ☐ |
| 5 | Adobe block walls | ☐ |
| 6 | Rammed earth/Pise construction | ☐ |
Unreinforced masonry
walls | 7 | Brick masonry in mud/lime
mortar | ☐ |
| 8 | Brick masonry in mud/lime
mortar with vertical posts | ☐ |
| 9 | Brick masonry in lime/cement
mortar | ☐ |
| 10 | Concrete block masonry in
cement mortar | ☐ |
| Confined masonry | 11 | Clay brick/tile masonry, with
wooden posts and beams | ☐ |
| 12 | Clay brick masonry, with
concrete posts/tie columns
and beams | ☐ |
| 13 | Concrete blocks, tie columns
and beams | ☐ |
| Reinforced masonry | 14 | Stone masonry in cement
mortar | ☐ |
| 15 | Clay brick masonry in cement
mortar | ☑ |
| 16 | Concrete block masonry in
cement mortar | ☐ |
| Structural concrete | Moment resisting
frame | 17 | Flat slab structure | ☐ |
| 18 | Designed for gravity loads
only, with URM infill walls | ☐ |
| 19 | Designed for seismic effects,
with URM infill walls | ☐ |
| 20 | Designed for seismic effects,
with structural infill walls | ☐ |
| 21 | Dual system – Frame with
shear wall | ☐ |
| Structural wall | 22 | Moment frame with in-situ
shear walls | ☐ |
| 23 | Moment frame with precast
shear walls | ☐ |
| Precast concrete | 24 | Moment frame | ☐ |
| 25 | Prestressed moment frame
with shear walls | ☐ |
| 26 | Large panel precast walls | ☐ |
| 27 | Shear wall structure with
walls cast-in-situ | ☐ |
| 28 | Shear wall structure with
precast wall panel structure | ☐ |
| Steel | Moment-resisting
frame | 29 | With brick masonry partitions | ☐ |
| 30 | With cast in-situ concrete
walls | ☐ |
| 31 | With lightweight partitions | ☐ |
| Braced frame | 32 | Concentric connections in all
panels | ☐ |
| 33 | Eccentric connections in a
few panels | ☐ |
| Structural wall | 34 | Bolted plate | ☐ |
| 35 | Welded plate | ☐ |
| Timber | Load-bearing timber
frame | 36 | Thatch | ☐ |
| 37 | Walls with bamboo/reed mesh
and post (Wattle and Daub) | ☐ |
| 38 | Masonry with horizontal
beams/planks at intermediate
levels | ☐ |
| 39 | Post and beam frame (no
special connections) | ☐ |
| 40 | Wood frame (with special
connections) | ☐ |
| 41 | Stud-wall frame with
plywood/gypsum board
sheathing | ☐ |
| 42 | Wooden panel walls | ☐ |
| Other | Seismic protection systems | 43 | Building protected with base-isolation systems | ☐ |
| 44 | Building protected with
seismic dampers | ☐ |
| Hybrid systems | 45 | other (described below) | ☐ |
NA.
3.2 Gravity Load-Resisting System
The vertical load-resisting system is reinforced masonry walls. Gravity load is carried by the masonry load-bearing walls, which transfer them to the foundation through the isolation pads.
3.3 Lateral Load-Resisting System
The lateral load-resisting system is reinforced masonry walls. System of structure: The base isolation house structure system consists of isolation layer (laminated rubber bearing isolators), superstructure and substructure. The isolation layer is located on the top of walls or columns in basement or in the first story of house without basement. The superstructure consists of common multi-stories brick masonry wall with reinforced concrete floors/roof, which is same as the general house structure supported on the rubber bearing isolators. The substructure consists of a common basement and base, which is same as the general building structure. The laminated rubber bearing isolators are the key lateral load resisting elements of seismic resistance. Their features are: Size: diameter 350 mm - 600 mm, height 160 mm -200 mm. Component: thickness 3-8mm rubber layers bond with thickness 1-3 mm steel sheets interval each other. Characteristics of isolation pads: High vertical stiffness and high vertical compression capacity for supporting superstructure. Low horizontal stiffness, large horizontal deformation capacity for isolating ground motion.Suitable value of damping ratio for dissipating ground motion energy. Adequate initial horizontal stiffness for resisting wind loads.
Seismic performance: During earthquake, the isolation structure will work as follows:
1. All horizontal deformations of superstructure elements will concentrate on the isolation layer, the structure will be kept within the elastic limit, so that no damages will occur in the structure.
2. The natural period of isolation structure will become very long due to the low horizontal stiffness of isolation layer, so that the isolation structural seismic response will be reduced to 1/4 - 1/8 of the non-isolation structural seismic response, protecting the structure from any damage and becoming very safe in strong earthquake.
3. The horizontal deformation of rubber bearing isolators will be limited by enough damping ratio.
3.4 Building Dimensions
The typical plan dimensions of these buildings are: lengths between 48 and 48 meters, and widths between 12 and 12 meters. The building is 6 storey high. The typical span of the roofing/flooring system is 3 meters. Typical Story Height: According to China code, the limited number N of stories for unreinforced brick masonry house in seismic areas is: Seismic Intensity (Ground motion) VI (55 gal) VII (110 gal) VIII (220 gal) IX (400gal) N general buildings 8 7 6 4 N isolation building 9 8 7 - 8 5 - 6
Typical Span: The span, center-to-center distance between the walls for wall structures, is 3.2 - 4.2. The typical storey height in such buildings is 3 meters. The typical structural wall density is none. N/A.
3.5 Floor and Roof System
| Material | Description of floor/roof system | Most appropriate floor | Most appropriate roof |
| Masonry | Vaulted | ☐ | ☐ |
Composite system of concrete joists and
masonry panels | ☐ | ☐ |
| Structural concrete | Solid slabs (cast-in-place) | ☐ | ☐ |
| Waffle slabs (cast-in-place) | ☐ | ☐ |
| Flat slabs (cast-in-place) | ☐ | ☐ |
| Precast joist system | ☐ | ☐ |
| Hollow core slab (precast) | ☐ | ☐ |
| Solid slabs (precast) | ☐ | ☐ |
Beams and planks (precast) with concrete
topping (cast-in-situ) | ☐ | ☐ |
| Slabs (post-tensioned) | ☐ | ☐ |
| Steel | Composite steel deck with concrete slab
(cast-in-situ) | ☐ | ☐ |
| Timber | Rammed earth with ballast and concrete or
plaster finishing | ☐ | ☐ |
| Wood planks or beams with ballast and concrete or plaster finishing | ☐ | ☐ |
| Thatched roof supported on wood purlins | ☐ | ☐ |
| Wood shingle roof | ☐ | ☐ |
| Wood planks or beams that support clay tiles | ☐ | ☐ |
Wood planks or beams supporting natural
stones slates | ☐ | ☐ |
Wood planks or beams that support slate,
metal, asbestos-cement or plastic corrugated
sheets or tiles | ☐ | ☐ |
Wood plank, plywood or manufactured wood
panels on joists supported by beams or walls | ☐ | ☐ |
| Other | Described below | ☑ | ☑ |
The floor/roof is considered to be a rigid diaphragm.
3.6 Foundation
| Type | Description | Most appropriate type |
| Shallow foundation | Wall or column embedded in
soil, without footing | ☐ |
Rubble stone, fieldstone
isolated footing | ☐ |
Rubble stone, fieldstone strip
footing | ☐ |
Reinforced-concrete isolated
footing | ☐ |
Reinforced-concrete strip
footing | ☑ |
| Mat foundation | ☐ |
| No foundation | ☐ |
| Deep foundation | Reinforced-concrete bearing
piles | ☐ |
Reinforced-concrete skin
friction piles | ☐ |
| Steel bearing piles | ☐ |
| Steel skin friction piles | ☐ |
| Wood piles | ☐ |
| Cast-in-place concrete piers | ☐ |
| Caissons | ☐ |
| Other | Described below | ☐ |
NA.
Figure 4: Floor Plan Showing the Layout of Isolation Devices | 
Figure 5A: Perspective Drawing Showing Connection between Isolators and Adjacent Structural Elements | 
Figure 5B: Comparison of Seismic Performance for a Base Isolated and a Conventional Building |
Figure 5C: Testing Facility for Base Isolation Devices | 
Figure 5D: Components of Rubber Isolation Devices
| 
Figure 5E: Building Elevation Showing the Location of Base Isolation Devices |
Figure 5F: Base Isolation Device and the Connection with Adjacent Structural Elements | 
Figure 5G: Installation of Base Isolation Devices
| 
Figure 5H: Lead-Core Rubber Isolation Devices
|
Figure 5I: Load-Deformation Curve for Isolation Devices |
4. Socio-Economic Aspects4.1 Number of Housing Units and Inhabitants
Each building typically has 21-50 housing unit(s). 32 units in each building.
Usually there are 10 - 32 units in building. One family typically occupies one
housing unit. The number of inhabitants in a building during the day or business hours is less than 5. The number of inhabitants during the evening and night is others (as described below). On an average Chines Families consists of 4 persons.
4.2 Patterns of Occupancy
10 - 32 families typically occupy one house. (2 - 4 families typically occupy each floor. There are 5 - 8 floors typically in a house).
4.3 Economic Level of Inhabitants
| Income class | Most appropriate type |
| a) very low-income class (very poor) | ☐ |
| b) low-income class (poor) | ☐ |
| c) middle-income class | ☑ |
| d) high-income class (rich) | ☐ |
Economic Level:
For Middle Class the Housing Price Unit is 200000 and the Annual Income is 30000.
| Ratio of housing unit price to annual income | Most appropriate type |
| 5:1 or worse | ☑ |
| 4:1 | ☐ |
| 3:1 | ☐ |
| 1:1 or better | ☐ |
What is a typical source of
financing for buildings of this
type? | Most appropriate type |
| Owner financed | ☑ |
| Personal savings | ☑ |
Informal network: friends and
relatives | ☑ |
Small lending institutions / micro-
finance institutions | ☐ |
| Commercial banks/mortgages | ☑ |
| Employers | ☐ |
| Investment pools | ☐ |
| Government-owned housing | ☐ |
| Combination (explain below) | ☐ |
| other (explain below) | ☐ |
NA. In each housing unit, there are 1 bathroom(s) without toilet(s), 1 toilet(s) only and no bathroom(s) including toilet(s).
4.4 Ownership
The type of ownership or occupancy is renting, outright ownership , ownership with debt (mortgage or other) and individual ownership.
Type of ownership or
occupancy? | Most appropriate type |
| Renting | ☑ |
| outright ownership | ☑ |
Ownership with debt (mortgage
or other) | ☑ |
| Individual ownership | ☑ |
Ownership by a group or pool of
persons | ☐ |
| Long-term lease | ☐ |
| other (explain below) | ☐ |
NA.
5. Seismic Vulnerability5.1 Structural and Architectural Features
Structural/
Architectural
Feature | Statement | Most appropriate type |
| True | False | N/A |
| Lateral load path | The structure contains a complete load path for seismic
force effects from any horizontal direction that serves
to transfer inertial forces from the building to the
foundation. | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
Building
Configuration | The building is regular with regards to both the plan
and the elevation. | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
| Roof construction | The roof diaphragm is considered to be rigid and it is
expected that the roof structure will maintain its
integrity, i.e. shape and form, during an earthquake of
intensity expected in this area. | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
| Floor construction | The floor diaphragm(s) are considered to be rigid and it
is expected that the floor structure(s) will maintain its
integrity during an earthquake of intensity expected in
this area. | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
Foundation
performance | There is no evidence of excessive foundation movement
(e.g. settlement) that would affect the integrity or
performance of the structure in an earthquake. | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
Wall and frame
structures-
redundancy | The number of lines of walls or frames in each principal
direction is greater than or equal to 2. | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
| Wall proportions | Height-to-thickness ratio of the shear walls at each floor level is:
Less than 25 (concrete walls);
Less than 30 (reinforced masonry walls);
Less than 13 (unreinforced masonry walls); | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
Foundation-wall
connection | Vertical load-bearing elements (columns, walls)
are attached to the foundations; concrete
columns and walls are doweled into the
foundation. | ☐ | ☐ | ☑ |
Wall-roof
connections | Exterior walls are anchored for out-of-plane seismic
effects at each diaphragm level with metal anchors or
straps | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
| Wall openings | The total width of door and window openings in a wall
is:
For brick masonry construction in cement mortar : less
than ½ of the distance between the adjacent cross
walls;
For adobe masonry, stone masonry and brick masonry
in mud mortar: less than 1/3 of the distance between
the adjacent cross
walls;
For precast concrete wall structures: less than 3/4 of
the length of a perimeter wall. | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
| Quality of building materials | Quality of building materials is considered to be
adequate per the requirements of national codes and
standards (an estimate). | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
| Quality of workmanship | Quality of workmanship (based on visual inspection of
few typical buildings) is considered to be good (per
local construction standards). | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
| Maintenance | Buildings of this type are generally well maintained and there
are no visible signs of deterioration of building
elements (concrete, steel, timber) | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
| Other | | ☑ | ☐ | ☐ |
5.2 Seismic Features
| Structural Element | Seismic Deficiency | Earthquake Resilient Features | Earthquake Damage Patterns |
| Wall | | | |
| Frame (columns, beams) | | During earthquake, the isolation structure will work as follows: 1. All horizontal deformations of superstructure elements will concentrate on the isolation layer, the structure will be kept within the elastic limit, so that no damages will occur in the structure.
2. The natural period of isolation structure will become very long due to the low horizontal stiffness of isolation layer, so that the isolation structural seismic response will be reduced to 1/4 - 1/8 of the non-isolation structural seismic response, protecting the structure from any damage and becoming very safe in strong earthquake.
3. The horizontal deformation of rubber bearing isolators will be limited by enough damping ratio. | |
| Roof and floors | | | |
| Other | | | |
The natural period of isolation structure is very long due to the low horizontal
stiffness of isolation layer. This causes the isolation structural seismic response to reduce to 1/4 - 1/8 of the response of similar non-isolation structure. This protects the structure from any damage and makes it very safe in strong earthquake 2. No damage has been observed for base-isolation buildings in many strong earthquakes in China so far.
5.3 Overall Seismic Vulnerability Rating
The overall rating of the seismic vulnerability of the housing type is E: LOW VULNERABILITY (i.e., very good seismic performance), the lower bound (i.e., the worst possible) is D: MEDIUM-LOW VULNERABILITY (i.e., good seismic performance), and the upper bound (i.e., the best possible) is F: VERY LOW VULNERABILITY (i.e., excellent seismic performance).
| Vulnerability | high | medium-high | medium | medium-low | low | very low |
| | very poor | poor | moderate | good | very good | excellent |
Vulnerability
Class | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ☑ | ☐ | ☑ |
5.4 History of Past Earthquakes
| Date | Epicenter, region | Magnitude | Max. Intensity |
| 1994 | Taiwan Straits, China | 7.3 | VIII ( 220 GAL) |
| 1995 | Yunan Province | 6.5 | VIII ( 220 GAL) |
| 1996 | Yunan Province | 7 | VIII ( 220 GAL) |
| 2000 | Xinjian Autonomous | 6.2 | VII (110 GAL) |
No damage has been observed in base-isolation buildings during these
earthquakes.
Figure 6A: Typical Earthquake Damage of Brick Masonry Buildings Without Base Isolation (1976 Tangshan Earthquake) | 
Figure 6B: Base Isolated Brick Masonry Building Undamaged in the 1996 Yunan Earthquake (Magnitude 7.0) |
6. Construction6.1 Building Materials
| Structural element | Building material | Characteristic strength | Mix proportions/dimensions | Comments |
| Walls | Brick masonry | Compression fc = 4.2 MPa shear fv = 0.2 MPa | mortar 1:6 cement/sand brick size 240 X 115 X 53 mm | NA |
| Foundation | RC | Compression fc = 10 MPa Steel yield fy= 235 MPa | | Low strength concrete and mild-steel is used for foundation |
| Frames (beams & columns) | | | | |
| Roof and floor(s) | RC | Compression fc = 17 MPa
Steel yield fy = 335 MPa | | |
6.2 Builder
It is typically built by developers for sale.
6.3 Construction Process, Problems and Phasing
The entire process of building construction is as follows:
1. Developer buys the land and then entrusts the designer for designing the building with base isolation.
2. Developer selects the construction company for constructing the designed building.
3. Developer buys the rubber bearing isolators from special factory.
4. Developer entrusts the testing center to test and check the characteristics of rubber bearing isolators that will be used in the construction.
5. Contractor constructs the foundation and basement.
6. Contractor fixes the rubber bearing isolators on top of the basement. This process may be manually done.
7. Contractor constructs the superstructure on rubber bearing isolators.
8. Contractor constructs the non-structural elements and finishing of the building.
9. The quality of construction is checked to ensure that it is acceptable. The superstructure is checked to ensure that it has free space to move in horizontal and vertical directions during earthquake. The horizontal space should be greater than 200 mm, and the vertical space should be greater than 20 mm.
10. Developer sells the house. The construction of this type of housing takes place in a single phase. Typically, the building is originally designed for its final constructed size.
6.4 Design and Construction Expertise
The design of superstructure and substructure of buildings can be done by the general structural engineers.The structural engineers who have enough knowledge and experience in designing the base-isolation buildings can do the design of base-isolation system. Engineers design the base-isolator, superstructure and substructure.
Architects design the building plan, and details of architectural treatment for isolation layer.
6.5 Building Codes and Standards
This construction type is addressed by the codes/standards of the country. Title of the code or standard: 1. Building design code for seismic resistance (GB50011-2001).
2.Technical rule for seismic isolation with laminated rubber bearing isolators (CECS 126-2001).
3. Standard of rubber bearing isolators (JG 118-2000).
Year the first code/standard addressing this type of construction issued: 2000
National building code, material codes and seismic codes/standards: Same as above.
When was the most recent code/standard addressing this construction type issued? 2000.
Building code is enforced through quality control procedures during construction. Separate quality certification is not required.
6.6 Building Permits and Development Control Rules
This type of construction is a non-engineered, and authorized as per development control rules. Building permits are required to build this housing type.
6.7 Building Maintenance
Typically, the building of this housing type is maintained by Builder.
6.8 Construction Economics
RMB 1200 / m² (US$ 145 / m²). 20 days are required for the construction of foundation and basement, during which labor with only general technical level is required 3 days are required for fixing the rubber bearing isolators, during which labor with only general technical level is required 60 days are required for constructing the superstructure (around 10 days each storey), during which labor with only general technical level is required.
7. Insurance
Earthquake insurance for this construction type is typically unavailable. For seismically strengthened existing buildings or new buildings incorporating seismically resilient features, an insurance premium discount or more complete coverage is unavailable. NA.
8. Strengthening
8.1 Description of Seismic Strengthening Provisions
Strengthening of Existing Construction :
| Seismic Deficiency | Description of Seismic Strengthening provisions used |
| NA | NA |
No damages have been experienced for this type of buildings during past
earthquakes in China. So far, there has been no necessity to strengthen the isolation buildings.
8.2 Seismic Strengthening Adopted
Has seismic strengthening described in the above table been performed in design and construction practice, and if so, to what extent?
NA.
Was the work done as a mitigation effort on an undamaged building, or as repair following an earthquake?
NA.
8.3 Construction and Performance of Seismic Strengthening
Was the construction inspected in the same manner as the new construction?
NA.
Who performed the construction seismic retrofit measures: a contractor, or owner/user? Was an architect or engineer involved?
NA.
What was the performance of retrofitted buildings of this type in subsequent earthquakes?
NA.
Reference(s)- Seismic Control of Structures
Zhou F. L.
China Seismic Publishing House 1997
- Design Method of Isolating And Energy Dissipating System for Earthquake Resistant Structures
Zhou F. L., Stiemer S. F. and Cherry S.
Proc. of 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo-Kyoto. Aug. 1988. Vol. VIII 1998
- A New Isolation and Energy Dissipating System for Earthquake Resistant Structures
Zhou F. L., Stiemer S.F. and Cherry S.
Proc. of 9th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Moscow, Sept. 1990 1990
- The Technical Report on Mission As Consultant of UNIDO
Zhou, F.L.
Summary of the International Post-SMiRT conference Seminar on Seismic Isolation, Passive Energy Dissipation and Active Control of Vibrations and Structures, Santiago, Chile. August 1995 1995
- Progress of Application and Development in Base Isolation and Passive Energy dissipation for civil and Industrial Structures
Zhou, F.L.
Proc of International Post-SMiRT Conference Seminar. Cheju, Korea, August 1999 1999
- Progress of Application, New Projects, R and D and Development of Design Rules for Seismic Isolation and Passive Energy Dissipation of Civil Buildings, Bridges and Nuclear and Non- Nuclear Plants in P R China
Zhou, F.L.
Proc.of International Post-SMiRT Conference Seminar on Seismic Isolation, Passive Energy Dissipation and Active Control of Seismic Vibration of Structures. Taormina, Italy, August 1997 1997
- New System of Earthquake Resistant Structures in Seismic Zone
Zhou, FL.
Computational Mechanics in Structural Engineering. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London and New York 1991
- Recent Research Development and Application on Seismic Isolation of Buildings in P R China
Zhou,F.L., Kelly,J.M., Fuller,K.N.G., and Pan,T.C.
Proc. of International Workshop IWADBI, Shantou, China, May 1994 1994
- Design control of structural response for seismic isolation system
Zhou, F.L.
Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibrations, No.1, 1993 1993
- Technical rule for seismic isolation with laminated rubber bearing isolators
Zhou,F.L. and Zhou,X.Y.
Chinese Engineering Construction Standard, CECS 126:2001, Beijing, China 2000
Author(s)- Fu L. Zhou
Professor, Guangzhou University
No. 248 Guang Yuan Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510405, CHINA
Email:zhoufl@cae.cn FAX: 86-20-8380 6291
- Zhong G. Xu
Associate Professor, Guangzhou University
No. 248 Guang Yuan Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510405, CHINA
Email:xuzhonggen@263.net FAX: 86-20-8657 5840
- Wen G. Liu
Associate Professor, Guangzhou University
No. 248 Guang Yuan Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510405, CHINA
Email:liweng@sina.com FAX: 86-20-8657 5840
Reviewer(s)- Ravi Sinha
Professor
Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Mumbai 400 076, INDIA
Email:rsinha@civil.iitb.ac.in FAX: (91-22) 2572-3480, 2576-7302
